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Calculations for heat exchanger designs use heat transfer parameters such as convection heat transfer coefficients, overall heat transfer coefficients, and log mean temperature differences. These calculations are needed for shell and tube and double pipe heat exchangers, as well as other types. Types of Industrial Heat Exchangers There are many types of heat exchangers used in a wide variety of industrial applications including power plants, boilers for industrial steam, chemical plants, and many types of manufacturing facilities. Several different configurations are used to accomplish the basic function of transferring heat from one fluid to another without mixing the two fluids together. The types of heat exchangers described and discussed in these articles include the two most common industrial heat exchangers, the shell and tube heat exchanger and the double pipe heat exchanger, along with information about spiral heat exchangers, flat plate heat exchangers, fin-tube heat excha...

This valve has a combined safety arrangement against a)      high steam pressure in the boiler and b)      low water level in the boiler. A commonly used high steam low water safety valve consists of two valves, namely valve ‘U’ and valve ‘V’ as shown in Fig. 29.4 (a). Under normal condition, the valve ‘U’ rests upon its valve seat and the valve ‘V’ rests on valve ‘U’ which act as seat for valve ‘V’. When valve act as safety against high pressure steam in the boiler: Construction: High steam and low water safety valve acts like a simple lever safety valve when it acts as safety against high steam pressure in the boiler. A lever ‘L 1 ’,hinged at one end and loaded at the other end by a weight ‘W’, forces valve ‘U’ upon its seat through pivot ‘P’ as shown in Fig. 29.4 (a). Operation: ·     When the steam pressure in the boiler is under normal limit of working pressure: The upward force exerted by boiler steam on th...

STEP-1 Received data from customer Steam output, feedwater inlet Fuel analysis, boiler type Power plant heat balance STEP-2 Boiler Thermal Sizing: Combustion, efficiency, steam output calculation, Furnace, Back pass & Cyclone sizing, Metal temperature calculation, Emission calculation, Air Heater Calculation, etc. Iteration with customer/steam turbine back to STEP-1 STEP-3 Pressure part material selection and ASME calculation & Pipe Stress Analysis: Tubing, pipe manifold, drum and internal piping & external piping Furnace Sizing, Boiler Circulation STEP-4 Non Pressure Part selection and calculation/Simulation Structural steel Design calculation Pressure part hanger calculation, etc. Iteration to STEP-3 for pressure part weight and arrangement STEP-5 From step-2, perform external piping selection: Material selection, ASME calculation, Pipe Stress Analysis Pressure Drop Calculation STEP-6 Create Pressure Part Arrangement Iteration with Step-3/4/5 STEP-7 Create Genera...

A boiler which generates steam at a pressure of 85 kgf/sq.cm or above is termed as a “high pressure boiler”. The present tendency is towards the use of high pressure boilers in power plants. The modern high pressure boilers used for power generation have capacities of 40 to 1600 tonnes/hr of superheated steam with a pressure upto 210 kgf/sq.cm and a temperature of about 650’C. One of the largest modern steam power plants in the world is in japan with a steam capacity of 1600 Tonnes/hr. In India, the trombay power plant has a steam generating capacity of 550 tonnes/hr, Ramagundam Power power plant with 320 tonnes/hr and bokaro plant with 160 tonnes/hr. Water tube boilers are generally preferred for high pressure and high output whereas fire tube boilers for low pressure and low output. Advantages of high pressure boilers: Method of water circulation Water circulation through the boiler may be either natural circulation due to density diff...

It is a stationary, fire tube, internally fired boiler. The size is approximately from 7-9 meters in length and 2-3 meters in diameter. Construction of Lancashire Boiler: It consists of 1.    Cylindrical shell 2.    Furnace tubes, bottom flue and side flues 3.    Grate 4.    Fire bridge 5.    Dampers Cylindrical shell It is placed in horizontal position over a brick work. It is partly filled up with water. The water level inside the shell is well above the furnace tubes. Furnace tubes, bottom flue and side flues: Two large internal furnace tubes (flue tubes) extend from one end to the other end of the shell. The flues are built-up of ordinary brick lined with fire bricks. One bottom flue and two side flues are formed by brick setting, as shown in the figure. Grate The grate is provided at the front end of the main flue tubes. Coal is fed to the grate through the fire hole. Fire bridge: A ...

A practical and simple method for calculating the efficiency of coal fired boilers is given in this article. Practical assumptions are used to simplify the otherwise elaborate calculations of the Boiler test codes. The ASME method for Boiler Efficiency Calculation PTC 4 is elaborate and requires many input data points, measurements, and samples. With some practical assumptions, the calculations are made simple and are shown in this article. The Losses method is used to calculate boiler efficiency. Each of the different Losses is calculated to determine the efficiency. Data Required For a coal fired boiler to calculate these losses we require the following data. ○      Higher Heating Value of coal on as Fired Basis HHV- kJ / kg ○      Proximate Analysis of Coal on as Fired basis which include ■      Fixed Carbon FC % ■      Volatile Matter VM % ■    ...

Comparison between  Fire Tube   and  Water Tube Boiler  can be done in 14 aspects. Those aspects are operating pressure, passage of material type in tubes, rate of steam generation, handling of load fluctuation, floor area requirement, efficiency, operator skills, design, maintenance cost are listed below in the tabular form. S.No Fire tube boiler Water tube boiler 1 In Fire-tube boilers hot flue gases pass through tubes and water surrounds them. In Water-tube boilers water passes through tubes and hot fluegasses surround them. 2 These are operated at low pressures up to 20 bar. The working pressure is high enough, up to 250 bar in super critical boilers. 3 The rate of steam generation and quality of steam are very low, therefore, not suitable for power generation. The rate of steam generation and quality of steam arebetter and suitable for power generation. 4 Load fluctuations cannot be handled. Load fluctuations can be easily handled. 5 It requires m...

A conversion factor is the number or formula you need to convert a measurement in one set of units to the same measurement in another set of units. The number is usually given as a numerical ratio or fraction that can be used as a multiplication factor. For example, say you have a length that is measured in feet and you wish to report on it in meters. If you know that there are 3.048 feet in a meter, then you can use that as a conversion factor to determine what the same distance is in meters.  One foot is 12 inches long, and the conversion factor of 1 foot to inches is 12. In yards, 1 foot is equal to 1/3 yard (conversion factor of 1 foot to yards is 1/3) so forth. The same length is 0.3048 meters, and it is also 30.48 centimeters. To convert 10 feet to inches, multiply 10 times 12 (the conversion factor) = 120 inches To convert 10 feet to yards, multiply 10 x 1/3 = 3.3333 yards (or 3 1/3 yards) To convert 10 feet to meters, multiply 10 x .3048 = 3.048 met...